After the IT boom, a manufacturing revolution has been well underway in the Indian economy, spurred on by the increasing presence of multinationals, scaling up of operations by the domestic companies and expanding domestic market. The sector has been averaging 9 per cent in the last four years (2004-08), with a record 12.3 per cent in 2006-07.
India's manufacturing base, which is the fourth-largest among emerging economies, is among the fastest growing and has seen more investments as a proportion of gross domestic product than any country except China.
Consequently, manufacturers from across the world are transforming India--which has all the required skills in process, product, and capital engineering, thanks to its long manufacturing history and higher-education system--into a potential manufacturing powerhouse.
"Every major company has India on its radar screen," says Wharton Professor of Management, Saikat Chaudhuri. And the number of companies, spanning diverse industries, planning to make India their global hub for host of operations has only been increasing by the day.
Cummins is making India its manufacturing hub for newly developed line of generator sets; Samsung plans to make its manufacturing plant in Chennai its global hub; Ford is making India its manufacturing hub for engine manufacturing; Suzuki and Hyundai are making India the manufacturing and exports hub for small cars. In fact, all the top five telecom manufacturers have set up manufacturing facility in India.
India Advantage
India's vast domestic market and availability of low-cost workers with advanced technical skills has been instrumental in attracting the ever expanding number of multinationals who are setting up their manufacturing base in the country.
The sheer size of the Indian market has obvious appeal. The rapid growth of the Indian economy is likely to make India the fifth largest consumer market in the world by 2025 from twelfth in 2005, says a study by McKinsey Global Institute. Aggregate Indian consumer spending is likewise estimated to more than quadruple to US$ 1.77 trillion by 2025, on the back of a ten fold increase in middle class population and three fold jump in household income.
Along with this India offers abundant engineering and technical manpower, producing annually about 4,00,000 graduate engineers. Significantly, the technical workforce is set cross the two million mark this year, with the march from one million to two million happening in just about three years.
Top of the Value-Chain
With such a large technical workforce it is no accident that high skill-sectors account for almost 40 per cent of the manufacturing output in India. Taking advantage of this fact, several multinationals operating in skill-intensive industries requiring advanced technical expertise have set up their shop in India.
For example, ABB, Honeywell, and Siemens in electrical and electronic products; Cummins, DaimlerChrysler, and Toyota Motor in auto components and engineering; and Degussa as well as Rohm and Hass in specialty chemicals have all set up their manufacturing base in the country.
Saturday, November 8, 2008
DESIGN OF INDIIA
According to video game developer Dino Dini in a talk given at the 2005 Game Design and Technology Workshop held by Liverpool JM University, design underpins every form of creation from objects such as chairs to the way we plan and execute our lives. For this reason it is useful to seek out some common structure that can be applied to any kind of design, whether this be for video games, consumer products or one's own personal life.
For such an important concept, the question "What is Design?" appears to yield answers with limited usefulness. Dino Dini states that the design process can be defined as "The management of constraints". He identifies two kinds of constraint, negotiable and non-negotiable. The first step in the design process is the identification, classification and selection of constraints. The process of design then proceeds from here by manipulating design variables so as to satisfy the non-negotiable constraints and optimizing those which are negotiable. It is possible for a set of non-negotiable constraints to be in conflict resulting in a design with no solution; in this case the non-negotiable constraints must be revised. For example, take the design of a chair. A chair must support a certain weight to be useful, and this is a non-negotiable constraint. The cost of producing the chair might be another. The choice of materials and the aesthetic qualities of the chair might be negotiable.
Dino Dini theorizes that poor designs occur as a result of mismanaged constraints, something he claims can be seen in the way the video game industry makes "Must be Fun" a negotiable constraint where he believes it should be non-negotiable.
It should be noted that "the management of constraints" may not include the whole of what is involved in "constraint management" as defined in the context of a broader Theory of Constraints, depending on the scope of a design or a designer's position.
Design and engineering
Engineering is often viewed as a more rigorous form of design. Contrary views suggest that design is a component of engineering aside from production and other operations which utilize engineering. A neutral view may suggest that both design and engineering simply overlap, depending on the discipline of design. The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as: "To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent," and "To formulate a plan", and defines engineering as: "The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes, and systems.".[9][10] Both are forms of problem-solving with a defined distinction being the application of "scientific and mathematical principles". How much science is applied in a design is a question of what is considered "science. Along with the question of what is considered science, there is social science versus natural science. Scientists at Xerox PARC made the distinction of design versus engineering at "moving minds" versus "moving atoms".
The relationship between design and production is one of planning and executing. In theory, the plan should anticipate and compensate for potential problems in the execution process. Design involves problem-solving and creativityIn contrast, production involves a routine or pre-planned process. A design may also be a mere plan that does not include a production or engineering process, although a working knowledge of such processes is usually expected of designers. In some cases, it may be unnecessary and/or impractical to expect a designer with a broad multidisciplinary knowledge required for such designs to also have a detailed knowledge of how to produce the product.
Design and production are intertwined in many creative professional careers, meaning problem-solving is part of execution and the reverse. As the cost of rearrangement increases, the need for separating design from production increases as well. For example, a high-budget project, such as a skyscraper, requires separating (design) a from (production) construction. A Low-budget project, such as a locally office party invitation f can be rearranged and printed dozens of times at the low cost of a few sheets of paper, a few drops of ink, and less than one hour's pay of a deSK
This is not to say that production never involves problem-solving or creativity, nor that design always involves creativity. Designs are rarely perfect and are sometimes repetitive. The imperfection of a design may task a production position with utilizing creativity or problem-solving skills to compensate for what was overlooked in the design process. Likewise, a design may be a simple repetition (copy) of a known preexisting solution, requiring minimal, if any, creativity or problem-solving skills from the designer.
CULTURE OF WORLD
Culture generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another Different definitions for culture reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity.
Culture is usually manifested in music, literature, lifestyle, painting and sculpture, theater and film and similar things. Although some people identify it in terms of consumption and consumer goods anthropologists understand "culture" to refer not only to consumption goods, but to the general processes which produce such goods and give them meaning, and to the social relationships and practices in which such objects and processes become embedded. For them the word culture thus includes art, science, as well as moral systems.
EDUCATION
Educational systems are established to provide education and training, often for children and the youth. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning and a system of policies, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of their abilities. Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system, particularly in totalitarian states and government.
Education is a broad concept, referring to all the experiences in which students can learn something.
Instruction refers to the intentional facilitating of learning toward identified goals, delivered either by an instructor or other forms.
Teaching refers to the actions of a real live instructor designed to impart learning to the student.
Training refers to learning with a view toward preparing learners with specific knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately upon completion.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[2] Under the Education for All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium[citation needed]. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.[citation needed]
PROJECT EXPORT
Project Exports from India commenced with a modest beginning in the late 1970s. Since then, project exports have evolved over the years, with Indian companies demonstrating capabilities and expertise spanning a wide range of sectors. The nature of Project Exports being undertaken reflects the technological maturity and industrial capabilities in the country. Project exports are broadly divided into four categories:
Civil construction
Turnkey modules
Consultancy services
Supplies, primarily of capital goods and industrial manufactures
Each of the above are expalined here:
Civil construction projects
Construction projects involve civil works, steel structural work, erection of utility equipment and include projects for building dams, bridges, airports, railway lines, roads and bridges, apartments, office complexes, hospitals, hotels, and desalination plants.
Turnkey projects
Turnkey projects involve supply of equipment along with related services and cover activities from the conception stage to the commissioning of a project. Typical examples of turnkey projects are: supply, erection and commissioning of boilers, power plants, transmission lines, sub-stations, plants for manufacture of cement, sugar, textiles and chemicals.
Consultancy services
Services contracts, involving provision of know-how, skills, personnel and training are categorised as consultancy projects. Typical examples of services contracts are: project implementation services, management contracts for industrial plants, hospitals, hotels, oil exploration, charter hire of rigs and locomotives, supervision of erection of plants, CAD/ CAM solutions in software exports, finance and accounting systems.
Supply contracts
Supply contracts involve primarily export of capital goods and industrial manufactures. Typical examples of supply contracts are: supply of stainless steel slabs and ferro-chrome manufacturing equipments, diesel generators, pumps and compressors.
Project export contracts are generally of high value and exporters undertaking them are required to offer competitive credit terms to be able to secure orders from foreign buyers in the face of stiff international competition. Exim Bank plays a pivotal role in promoting and financing Indian companies in the execution of projects. It has been closely associated with the growth of project exports from India by way of providing finance, information and business advisory services. The bank supports Indian companies at all stages of the project cycle from advance tender information, guidance in preparation of competitive bids to providing financial facilities, including loans and guarantees. It extends funded and non-funded facilities for overseas industrial turnkey projects, civil construction contracts, as well as technical and consultancy service contracts. Exim Bank has in place a specialised cell to provide advance information to Indian companies on projects being funded by multilateral funding agencies in various countries. Over the past two decades, increasing number of projects have been executed by Indian companies in North Africa, West Asia, South & South East Asia, CIS and Latin America. Destination of project exports has undergone a change between 1999-00 and 2004-05, with the share of West Asia (mainly Oman, UAE and Iraq) increasing from 28.4 per cent to 63.9 per cent, North Africa (mainly Sudan) increasing from 9.1 per cent to 28.5 per cent, South Asia falling from 41.5 per cent to 5.7 per cent, and South East Asia falling from 15.8 per cent to 0.9 per cent. In 2004-05, turnkey contracts had the major share (57.2 per cent), followed by construction contracts (36.4 per cent), and consultancy contracts (6.4 per cent). Exports of projects and services including construction and industrial turnkey projects and consultancy services increased from US$629 million in 1998-99 to US$911 million in 2004-05, and crossed US$956 million in April- October, 2005 itself.
The Reserve Bank of India has simplified the procedures for project and service exports, such as deployment of temporary cash surpluses and inter-project transfer of machinery and funds. These measures, first announced in the Mid-Term Review of Annual Policy Statement for 2006-07, will provide more flexibility to exporters. The RBI said that the measures were subject to monitoring by banks. Exporters will now be allowed to use the machinery or equipment used for a turnkey or construction abroad, for executing a contract in another country. Currently, exporters are required to dispose of the equipment, machinery, vehicles purchased abroad or arrange their import into India after completion of the contracts. If it has to be used for another overseas project, the market value should be recovered from the second project. Under the modified procedures, the RBI has permitted exporters to deploy their temporary cash surpluses, generated outside India, in instruments such as deposits with overseas branches or subsidiaries of a bank in India, a triple `A' rate short term paper abroad, including treasury bills and other monetary instruments with a maturity or remaining maturity of one year or less. Now, exporters are required to approach the RBI for overseas deployment of their temporary cash surpluses. The apex bank has also permitted exporters to open, maintain and operate one or more foreign currency account in a currency of their choice with inter-project transferability of funds in any currency or country.
Civil construction
Turnkey modules
Consultancy services
Supplies, primarily of capital goods and industrial manufactures
Each of the above are expalined here:
Civil construction projects
Construction projects involve civil works, steel structural work, erection of utility equipment and include projects for building dams, bridges, airports, railway lines, roads and bridges, apartments, office complexes, hospitals, hotels, and desalination plants.
Turnkey projects
Turnkey projects involve supply of equipment along with related services and cover activities from the conception stage to the commissioning of a project. Typical examples of turnkey projects are: supply, erection and commissioning of boilers, power plants, transmission lines, sub-stations, plants for manufacture of cement, sugar, textiles and chemicals.
Consultancy services
Services contracts, involving provision of know-how, skills, personnel and training are categorised as consultancy projects. Typical examples of services contracts are: project implementation services, management contracts for industrial plants, hospitals, hotels, oil exploration, charter hire of rigs and locomotives, supervision of erection of plants, CAD/ CAM solutions in software exports, finance and accounting systems.
Supply contracts
Supply contracts involve primarily export of capital goods and industrial manufactures. Typical examples of supply contracts are: supply of stainless steel slabs and ferro-chrome manufacturing equipments, diesel generators, pumps and compressors.
Project export contracts are generally of high value and exporters undertaking them are required to offer competitive credit terms to be able to secure orders from foreign buyers in the face of stiff international competition. Exim Bank plays a pivotal role in promoting and financing Indian companies in the execution of projects. It has been closely associated with the growth of project exports from India by way of providing finance, information and business advisory services. The bank supports Indian companies at all stages of the project cycle from advance tender information, guidance in preparation of competitive bids to providing financial facilities, including loans and guarantees. It extends funded and non-funded facilities for overseas industrial turnkey projects, civil construction contracts, as well as technical and consultancy service contracts. Exim Bank has in place a specialised cell to provide advance information to Indian companies on projects being funded by multilateral funding agencies in various countries. Over the past two decades, increasing number of projects have been executed by Indian companies in North Africa, West Asia, South & South East Asia, CIS and Latin America. Destination of project exports has undergone a change between 1999-00 and 2004-05, with the share of West Asia (mainly Oman, UAE and Iraq) increasing from 28.4 per cent to 63.9 per cent, North Africa (mainly Sudan) increasing from 9.1 per cent to 28.5 per cent, South Asia falling from 41.5 per cent to 5.7 per cent, and South East Asia falling from 15.8 per cent to 0.9 per cent. In 2004-05, turnkey contracts had the major share (57.2 per cent), followed by construction contracts (36.4 per cent), and consultancy contracts (6.4 per cent). Exports of projects and services including construction and industrial turnkey projects and consultancy services increased from US$629 million in 1998-99 to US$911 million in 2004-05, and crossed US$956 million in April- October, 2005 itself.
The Reserve Bank of India has simplified the procedures for project and service exports, such as deployment of temporary cash surpluses and inter-project transfer of machinery and funds. These measures, first announced in the Mid-Term Review of Annual Policy Statement for 2006-07, will provide more flexibility to exporters. The RBI said that the measures were subject to monitoring by banks. Exporters will now be allowed to use the machinery or equipment used for a turnkey or construction abroad, for executing a contract in another country. Currently, exporters are required to dispose of the equipment, machinery, vehicles purchased abroad or arrange their import into India after completion of the contracts. If it has to be used for another overseas project, the market value should be recovered from the second project. Under the modified procedures, the RBI has permitted exporters to deploy their temporary cash surpluses, generated outside India, in instruments such as deposits with overseas branches or subsidiaries of a bank in India, a triple `A' rate short term paper abroad, including treasury bills and other monetary instruments with a maturity or remaining maturity of one year or less. Now, exporters are required to approach the RBI for overseas deployment of their temporary cash surpluses. The apex bank has also permitted exporters to open, maintain and operate one or more foreign currency account in a currency of their choice with inter-project transferability of funds in any currency or country.
INDUSTRY & SERVICES
Heavy Industry in India comprises of the heavy engineering industry, machine tool industry, heavy electrical industry, industrial machinery and auto-industry.These industries provides goods and services for almost all sectors of the economy,including power, rail and road transport. The machine building industry caters the requirements of equipment for basic industries such as steel,non-ferrous metals, fertilizers, refineries,petrochemicals, shipping,paper,cement,sugar,etc.
The industrial sector recorded a healthy growth of 10.3% (measured in terms of the Index of Industrial Production) during the period April-Oct. 2006-07 as compared to 8.6 percent achieved during the corresponding period last year. Capital goods sector, which posted a robust growth of 16.9 per cent in 2005-06, has maintained its growth momentum during the current year as well. According to the Index of Industrial Production, capital goods sector posted a growth of 15.0 per cent during April-Oct. 2006-07.
Heavy Electrical Industry
Heavy Electrical Industry covers power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization equipments. These include turbo generators, boilers, various types of turbines, transformers, switchgears and other allied items. Majority of the products manufactured by heavy electrical industry in the country, which includes items like transformers, switchgears etc. are used by all sectors of the Indian economy. Some major areas where these are used are the multi core projects for power generation including nuclear power stations, petrochemical complexes, chemical plants, integrated steel plants, non-ferrous metal units, etc.
India is the only other developing country besides China,which produces a full range of electric power generation and transmission equipment. In fact,the history and growth of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.(BHEL), a public sector enterprise under in the country, symbolizes the overall growth pattern of heavy electrical industry in the country.BHEL has the unique distinction of being one of the very few companies in the world, manufacturing all major power generating equipment under one roof.
The industry has been upgrading the existing technology and is now capable of taking up turnkey contracts also for export markets. The industry has been delicensed. Foreign collaborations are allowed with 100 percent FDI.The country is planning to add 150,000 MW power generation capacity in the the next 10 years.This will generate substantial demand for heavy electrical equipments.
The heavy electrical industry is capable of manufacturing transmission and distribution equipment upto 400 KV AC and high voltage DC. The industry has taken up the work of upgradation and transmission to the next higher voltage system of 765 KV and have upgraded their manufacturing facilities to supply 765 KV class transformers, reactors, CTS, CVT, bushing and insulators, etc.
The investments in R & D by the electrical industry are amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India.Large electrical equipment used in steel plants, petrochemical complexes and other such heavy industries are also being manufactured in the country. The domestic heavy electrical equipment manufacturers are making use of the developments of the global market with respect to product designs and upgrading of manufacturing and testing facilities.The heavy electrical industry has established its reference in the global arena also.These encompass thermal, hydro and gas based power plants, substation projects, rehabilitation projects, besides a wide variety of products like transformers, photo voltaic equipments, insulators,switchgears, motors,etc.
Turbines and Generator Sets
The capacity established for manufacture of various kinds of turbines such as steam & hydro turbines including Industrial turbines is more than 7000 MW per annum in the country. Apart from BHEL, the public sector unit that has the largest installed capacity, there are units in the private sector also manufacturing steam & hydro turbines for power generation and industrial use. The manufacturing range of BHEL includes steam turbines upto 660 MW unit rating and the facilities are available for 1000 MW unit size. They have the capability to manufacture gas turbines upto 260 MW (ISO) rating and gas turbine based Co-generation and Combined Cycle Systems for the industry and utility applications. Custom built conventional hydro turbines of Kaplan, Francis and Pelton types with matching generators are also available indigenously.
AC Generators manufactured in India are on par with international AC Generators and consistently deliver high quality power with high performance. Domestic manufacturers are capable of manufacturing AC Generator right from 0.5 KVA to 25,000 KVA and above with specified voltage rating.The imports and exports of turbines and generators during 2005-06 were Rs. 2420 crore and Rs. 565 crore respectively.Boilers
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.(BHEL) is the largest manufacturer of boilers in the country (with more than 60% share) and has the capacity to manufacture boilers for Super Thermal Power Plants apart from utility boilers and industrial boilers. The industry has the capability to manufacture boilers with super critical parameters upto 1,000 MW unit size. The domestic industry has the capacity to meet the indigenous requirement / demand for boilers.The imports and exports of boilers during 2005-06 were Rs.160 crore and Rs.242 crore respectively. Transformers
The domestic transformer industry is well established with capability to provide state of- the-art equipments. The industry has the capacity to manufacture whole range of power and distribution transformers including the REC rating of 25,53,100 KVA and also the extra High voltage ranges of 400 kV, 600 MVA. Special types of transformers required for furnaces, rectifiers electric tract etc. and series and shunt reactors as well as HVDC transmission upto 500 kV are also being manufactured in the country.The imports and exports of transformers during 2005-06 were Rs.1800 crore and Rs.1640 crore respectively. Switchgear and Control Gear
In India, the entire range of circuit breakers from bulk oil, minimum oil, air blast, vacuum to SF6 are manufactured to standard specification for the benefit of customers. The ranges of products produced cover the entire voltage range for 240V to 800KV, switchgear and control gear, MCBs, air circuit breakers, switches, rewireable fuses and HRC fuses with their respective fuse bases, holders and starters. The industry is competitive in the field of design and engineering as the skill sets available in the country are relatively less expensive.The imports and exports of the above equipments during 2005-06 were around Rs.1690 crore and Rs. 1108 crore respectively.
The industrial sector recorded a healthy growth of 10.3% (measured in terms of the Index of Industrial Production) during the period April-Oct. 2006-07 as compared to 8.6 percent achieved during the corresponding period last year. Capital goods sector, which posted a robust growth of 16.9 per cent in 2005-06, has maintained its growth momentum during the current year as well. According to the Index of Industrial Production, capital goods sector posted a growth of 15.0 per cent during April-Oct. 2006-07.
Heavy Electrical Industry
Heavy Electrical Industry covers power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization equipments. These include turbo generators, boilers, various types of turbines, transformers, switchgears and other allied items. Majority of the products manufactured by heavy electrical industry in the country, which includes items like transformers, switchgears etc. are used by all sectors of the Indian economy. Some major areas where these are used are the multi core projects for power generation including nuclear power stations, petrochemical complexes, chemical plants, integrated steel plants, non-ferrous metal units, etc.
India is the only other developing country besides China,which produces a full range of electric power generation and transmission equipment. In fact,the history and growth of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.(BHEL), a public sector enterprise under in the country, symbolizes the overall growth pattern of heavy electrical industry in the country.BHEL has the unique distinction of being one of the very few companies in the world, manufacturing all major power generating equipment under one roof.
The industry has been upgrading the existing technology and is now capable of taking up turnkey contracts also for export markets. The industry has been delicensed. Foreign collaborations are allowed with 100 percent FDI.The country is planning to add 150,000 MW power generation capacity in the the next 10 years.This will generate substantial demand for heavy electrical equipments.
The heavy electrical industry is capable of manufacturing transmission and distribution equipment upto 400 KV AC and high voltage DC. The industry has taken up the work of upgradation and transmission to the next higher voltage system of 765 KV and have upgraded their manufacturing facilities to supply 765 KV class transformers, reactors, CTS, CVT, bushing and insulators, etc.
The investments in R & D by the electrical industry are amongst the largest in the corporate sector in India.Large electrical equipment used in steel plants, petrochemical complexes and other such heavy industries are also being manufactured in the country. The domestic heavy electrical equipment manufacturers are making use of the developments of the global market with respect to product designs and upgrading of manufacturing and testing facilities.The heavy electrical industry has established its reference in the global arena also.These encompass thermal, hydro and gas based power plants, substation projects, rehabilitation projects, besides a wide variety of products like transformers, photo voltaic equipments, insulators,switchgears, motors,etc.
Turbines and Generator Sets
The capacity established for manufacture of various kinds of turbines such as steam & hydro turbines including Industrial turbines is more than 7000 MW per annum in the country. Apart from BHEL, the public sector unit that has the largest installed capacity, there are units in the private sector also manufacturing steam & hydro turbines for power generation and industrial use. The manufacturing range of BHEL includes steam turbines upto 660 MW unit rating and the facilities are available for 1000 MW unit size. They have the capability to manufacture gas turbines upto 260 MW (ISO) rating and gas turbine based Co-generation and Combined Cycle Systems for the industry and utility applications. Custom built conventional hydro turbines of Kaplan, Francis and Pelton types with matching generators are also available indigenously.
AC Generators manufactured in India are on par with international AC Generators and consistently deliver high quality power with high performance. Domestic manufacturers are capable of manufacturing AC Generator right from 0.5 KVA to 25,000 KVA and above with specified voltage rating.The imports and exports of turbines and generators during 2005-06 were Rs. 2420 crore and Rs. 565 crore respectively.Boilers
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.(BHEL) is the largest manufacturer of boilers in the country (with more than 60% share) and has the capacity to manufacture boilers for Super Thermal Power Plants apart from utility boilers and industrial boilers. The industry has the capability to manufacture boilers with super critical parameters upto 1,000 MW unit size. The domestic industry has the capacity to meet the indigenous requirement / demand for boilers.The imports and exports of boilers during 2005-06 were Rs.160 crore and Rs.242 crore respectively. Transformers
The domestic transformer industry is well established with capability to provide state of- the-art equipments. The industry has the capacity to manufacture whole range of power and distribution transformers including the REC rating of 25,53,100 KVA and also the extra High voltage ranges of 400 kV, 600 MVA. Special types of transformers required for furnaces, rectifiers electric tract etc. and series and shunt reactors as well as HVDC transmission upto 500 kV are also being manufactured in the country.The imports and exports of transformers during 2005-06 were Rs.1800 crore and Rs.1640 crore respectively. Switchgear and Control Gear
In India, the entire range of circuit breakers from bulk oil, minimum oil, air blast, vacuum to SF6 are manufactured to standard specification for the benefit of customers. The ranges of products produced cover the entire voltage range for 240V to 800KV, switchgear and control gear, MCBs, air circuit breakers, switches, rewireable fuses and HRC fuses with their respective fuse bases, holders and starters. The industry is competitive in the field of design and engineering as the skill sets available in the country are relatively less expensive.The imports and exports of the above equipments during 2005-06 were around Rs.1690 crore and Rs. 1108 crore respectively.
INDIA
India has undergone a paradigm shift owing to its competitive stand in the world. The Indian economy is on a robust growth trajectory and boasts of a stable 8 plus annual growth rate, rising foreign exchange reserves and booming capital markets among others.
Quarterly GDP at factor cost at constant (1999-2000) prices for Q2 of 2007-08 is estimated at Rs. 7,10,578 crore, as against Rs. 6,52,450 crore in Q2 of 2006-07, showing a growth rate of 8.9 per cent over the corresponding quarter of previous year. The economic activities which registered significant growth in Q2 of 2007-08 over Q2 of 2006-07 are, ‘mining & quarrying’ at 7.7 per cent, ‘manufacturing’ at 8.6 per cent, ‘electricity, gas & water supply’ at 7.3 per cent, ‘construction’ at 11.1 percent, ‘trade, hotels, transport and communication’ at 11.4 per cent, ‘financing, insurance, real estate and business services’ at 10.6 per cent, and ‘community, social and personal services’ at 7.8 per cent. The growth rate in ‘agriculture, forestry & fishing’ is estimated at 3.6 per cent in this period.
There is ample reason for India's viability as a destination for foreign investment. In addition to the above-mentioned macroeconomic indicators, higher disposable incomes, emerging middle class, low cost competitive workforce, investment friendly policies and progressive reform process all contribute towards India being an appropriate choice for investors.
The Indian Government is committed in its efforts to maintain the 8 plus growth rate and provide a conducive policy environment to the enterprises, both public and private, to invest and grow their business in the country. To this end, the Government has liberalized the foreign investment regime substantially over the last decade. Today, foreign direct investment is allowed in almost all sectors barring a few sensitive areas such as defence. Further, FDI is allowed in most of the sectors under the automatic route, except a few, where approval from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board is required.
India's foreign trade policy has been formulated with a view to invite and encourage FDI in India. The process of regulation and approval has been substantially liberalized. The Reserve Bank of India has prescribed the administrative and compliance aspects of FDI.
The FDI policy rationalization and liberalization measures taken by the Government have resulted in increased inflows of FDI over the years.The FDI equity inflows have been US $ 15.7 billion as compared to US $ 5.5 billion received during 2005-06. This is a growth of 185% as compared to the previous year. This is also the first time that FDI equity inflows into India have crossed the US $ 10 billion mark. If reinvested earnings and other capital inflows are also included, the total inflows in 2006-07 add up to US$ 19.5 billion compared to US$ 7.7 billion during the same period last year showing a growth of 153%.During the first quarter of the Financial Year 2007-08, the FDI inflows have been US$ 4.9 billion as against US$ 1.7 billion received during the corresponding quarter of 2006-07, registering a growth of more than 185%. The first six months of the current calendar year (January-June 2007) have witnessed FDI inflows of US$ 11.4 billion as against US$ 3.6 billion received during the same period in 2006.This indicates a growth of 218%.
FDI can be divided into two broad categories: investment under automatic route and investment through prior approval of Government. The pick up in FDI inflows further reflects growing investor interest in the Indian economy on the back of strong fundamentals and simplified procedures.
The 10 sectors attracting highest FDI into India are: electrical equipments (including computer software & electronics); services sector (financial & non-financial); telecommunications (radio paging, cellular mobile, basic telephone services); transportation industry; fuels (power plus oil refinery); chemicals (other than fertilisers); construction activities;drugs & pharmaceuticals; food processing industries and Housing and Real Estate. The 10 top investing countries are: Mauritius, USA, UK, Netherlands, Japan, Germany, Singapore, France, South Korea and Switzerland.
In addition to FDI, Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) is also flowing into India. Qualified foreign entities (other than those predominantly owned by non resident Indians) seeking to undertake portfolio investments in India are regarded as Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs). Eligible institutional investors that can register as FIIs include asset management companies, pension funds, mutual funds, banks, investment trusts, nominee companies, incorporated/ institutional portfolio managers, power of attorney holders, university funds, endowment foundations, charitable trusts and charitable societies.
India Overview
Location: The Indian peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas. The Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south surround the Country.
Area: 3.3 Million sq km
Geographic Coordinates: Lying entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4' and 37°6' north, longitudes 68°7' and 97°25' east.
Capital: New Delhi
Border Countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west; China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north; Myanmar to the east; and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea, formed by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
Coastline: 7,516.6 km encompassing the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Climate: The climate of India can broadly be classified as a tropical monsoon one. But, in spite of much of the northern part of India lying beyond the tropical zone, the entire country has a tropical climate marked by relatively high temperatures and dry winters. There are four seasons - winter (December-February), (ii) summer (March-June), (iii) south-west monsoon season (June-September), and (iv) post monsoon season (October- November)
Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, manganese ore, mica, bauxite, petroleum, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, magnesite, limestone, dolomite, barytes, kaolin, gypsum, apatite, phosphorite, steatite, fluorite, etc.
Government Type: Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government.
Administrative Divisions: 29 States and 6 Union Territories.
Constitution: The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950.
Quarterly GDP at factor cost at constant (1999-2000) prices for Q2 of 2007-08 is estimated at Rs. 7,10,578 crore, as against Rs. 6,52,450 crore in Q2 of 2006-07, showing a growth rate of 8.9 per cent over the corresponding quarter of previous year. The economic activities which registered significant growth in Q2 of 2007-08 over Q2 of 2006-07 are, ‘mining & quarrying’ at 7.7 per cent, ‘manufacturing’ at 8.6 per cent, ‘electricity, gas & water supply’ at 7.3 per cent, ‘construction’ at 11.1 percent, ‘trade, hotels, transport and communication’ at 11.4 per cent, ‘financing, insurance, real estate and business services’ at 10.6 per cent, and ‘community, social and personal services’ at 7.8 per cent. The growth rate in ‘agriculture, forestry & fishing’ is estimated at 3.6 per cent in this period.
There is ample reason for India's viability as a destination for foreign investment. In addition to the above-mentioned macroeconomic indicators, higher disposable incomes, emerging middle class, low cost competitive workforce, investment friendly policies and progressive reform process all contribute towards India being an appropriate choice for investors.
The Indian Government is committed in its efforts to maintain the 8 plus growth rate and provide a conducive policy environment to the enterprises, both public and private, to invest and grow their business in the country. To this end, the Government has liberalized the foreign investment regime substantially over the last decade. Today, foreign direct investment is allowed in almost all sectors barring a few sensitive areas such as defence. Further, FDI is allowed in most of the sectors under the automatic route, except a few, where approval from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board is required.
India's foreign trade policy has been formulated with a view to invite and encourage FDI in India. The process of regulation and approval has been substantially liberalized. The Reserve Bank of India has prescribed the administrative and compliance aspects of FDI.
The FDI policy rationalization and liberalization measures taken by the Government have resulted in increased inflows of FDI over the years.The FDI equity inflows have been US $ 15.7 billion as compared to US $ 5.5 billion received during 2005-06. This is a growth of 185% as compared to the previous year. This is also the first time that FDI equity inflows into India have crossed the US $ 10 billion mark. If reinvested earnings and other capital inflows are also included, the total inflows in 2006-07 add up to US$ 19.5 billion compared to US$ 7.7 billion during the same period last year showing a growth of 153%.During the first quarter of the Financial Year 2007-08, the FDI inflows have been US$ 4.9 billion as against US$ 1.7 billion received during the corresponding quarter of 2006-07, registering a growth of more than 185%. The first six months of the current calendar year (January-June 2007) have witnessed FDI inflows of US$ 11.4 billion as against US$ 3.6 billion received during the same period in 2006.This indicates a growth of 218%.
FDI can be divided into two broad categories: investment under automatic route and investment through prior approval of Government. The pick up in FDI inflows further reflects growing investor interest in the Indian economy on the back of strong fundamentals and simplified procedures.
The 10 sectors attracting highest FDI into India are: electrical equipments (including computer software & electronics); services sector (financial & non-financial); telecommunications (radio paging, cellular mobile, basic telephone services); transportation industry; fuels (power plus oil refinery); chemicals (other than fertilisers); construction activities;drugs & pharmaceuticals; food processing industries and Housing and Real Estate. The 10 top investing countries are: Mauritius, USA, UK, Netherlands, Japan, Germany, Singapore, France, South Korea and Switzerland.
In addition to FDI, Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) is also flowing into India. Qualified foreign entities (other than those predominantly owned by non resident Indians) seeking to undertake portfolio investments in India are regarded as Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs). Eligible institutional investors that can register as FIIs include asset management companies, pension funds, mutual funds, banks, investment trusts, nominee companies, incorporated/ institutional portfolio managers, power of attorney holders, university funds, endowment foundations, charitable trusts and charitable societies.
India Overview
Location: The Indian peninsula is separated from mainland Asia by the Himalayas. The Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean to the south surround the Country.
Area: 3.3 Million sq km
Geographic Coordinates: Lying entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4' and 37°6' north, longitudes 68°7' and 97°25' east.
Capital: New Delhi
Border Countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west; China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north; Myanmar to the east; and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea, formed by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
Coastline: 7,516.6 km encompassing the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
Climate: The climate of India can broadly be classified as a tropical monsoon one. But, in spite of much of the northern part of India lying beyond the tropical zone, the entire country has a tropical climate marked by relatively high temperatures and dry winters. There are four seasons - winter (December-February), (ii) summer (March-June), (iii) south-west monsoon season (June-September), and (iv) post monsoon season (October- November)
Natural Resources: Coal, iron ore, manganese ore, mica, bauxite, petroleum, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, magnesite, limestone, dolomite, barytes, kaolin, gypsum, apatite, phosphorite, steatite, fluorite, etc.
Government Type: Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with a Parliamentary system of Government.
Administrative Divisions: 29 States and 6 Union Territories.
Constitution: The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950.
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